我国北部冬麦区小麦区域试验重复次数和试点数量的优化设计

农作物品种区域试验重复次数和试点数量的合理配置有利于提高试验的成本效率和品种选择效率。本研究分析了2010—2019年期间北部冬麦区小麦品种区域试验的重复次数和试点数量设置的合理性,依据小麦品种试验的信噪比和遗传力水平随重复次数和试点数量的变化规律,提出了重复次数和试点数量的优化设计方案。结果表明:(1)北部冬麦区小麦单点试验的遗传力平均达到0.87,需要的重复次数平均值仅为1.4,说明3次重复可以充分保证试验精确度的需求。(2)北部冬麦区水地组和旱地组小麦区域试验达到0.75的遗传力水平时,需要的试点数量分别为11个和13个,目前有效试点数量分别约为11个和8个,分别达到0.75和0.60的遗传力水平。(3)小麦品种区域试验结果对品种的审定和应用十分重要,而每年都可能有少数试验点因为各种异常情况而报废,为保证试验结果的可靠性,可按H=0.75的水平需求安排试验点数量和重复次数,即重复次数可保持当前的3次;水地组的试点数量可保持在11个左右;旱地组可将试点增加到13个;如要将遗传力提高到0.80的水平,则需约16个试点。     

朝鲜蓟发酵茶泡制工艺研究

以感官评价为指标,通过单因素试验和响应面试验设计优化朝鲜蓟发酵茶泡制工艺。结果表明,朝鲜蓟发酵茶的最佳泡制工艺为冲泡时间22 min,加水量243 mL,冲泡水温86℃,粉碎度40目,在此条件下感官评分为90分。通过ABTS法和DPPH法检测表明,朝鲜蓟袋泡茶具有明显的抗氧化能力。     

西兰花品种比较试验

本试验引进了沪绿68、沪绿88和沪绿118共3个西兰花新品种,与当地主栽品种——耐寒优秀进行比较试验,试图筛选出适应当地种植的西兰花新品种。试验结果表明,沪绿68花球紧实度不高且蕾粒容易掉;沪绿118植株侧枝很多且花球有空心;沪绿88品种长势好、商品性好,适宜在如东地区种植。     

立式双曲面网板水动力性能及流场可视化研究

网板是拖网作业系统中重要的属具之一,其水动力性能的优劣直接关系到拖网网口的扩张,并影响其生产效果和经济效益。采用单因素试验法,利用水槽模型试验和数值模拟(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)研究立式双曲面模型网板在不同展弦比λ(2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0)、弯曲度f/C(10%、15%、20%)、后退角Λ(0°、10°、15°)下的水动力性能,分析不同结构参数的网板水动力性能,对比两种方法的结果,并实现网板周围流场可视化。结果显示:①2号网板(λ=3.0、f/C=15%、Λ=10°)升力系数最大,冲角25°时,模型试验值为1.70,数值模拟值为1.88,阻力系数随冲角增大一直增大,且后部流速的模拟值和测定值平均偏差为4.40%,两种方法获得的结果吻合度高。②2号网板在流场分布中边界层分离点随冲角增大逐渐向翼端前沿移动,中心面后部涡旋随冲角增大一直增大,左翼板侧低压区随冲角增大呈先增大后减小趋势,网板尾部随冲角增大形成明显的翼端涡,产生涡升力对网板提供附加升力,使得立式双曲面网板比其他类型网板有较高升力。     

Tuberculosis vaccination sequence effect on protection in wild boar

The Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a reservoir for tuberculosis (TB) in which vaccination is a valuable tool for control. We evaluated the protection and immune response achieved by homologous and heterologous regimes administering BCG and heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis (IV). Twenty-one wild boar piglets were randomly allocated in five groups: Control, homologous BCG, homologous IV, heterologous IV-BCG, heterologous BCG-IV. Significant 67% and 66% total lesion score reductions were detected in homologous IV (IVx2) and heterologous IV-BCG groups when compared with Control group (F_4,16 = 6.393, p = 0.003; Bonferroni _{Control vs IVx2} p = 0.026, Tukey _{Control vs IV-BCG} p = 0.021). No significant differences were found for homologous BCG (although a 48% reduction in total lesion score was recorded) and BCG-IV (3% reduction). Heterologous regimes did not improve protection over homologous regimes in the wild boar model and showed variable results from no protection to similar protection as homologous regimes. Therefore, homologous regimes remain the best option to vaccinate wild boar against TB. Moreover, vaccine sequence dramatically influenced the outcome underlining the relevance of studying the effects of prior sensitization in the outcome of vaccination.     

基于VLF/LF三维闪电探测系统的贵州省全闪分布特征分析

为进一步加强云闪分布特征分析，增强对雷暴云内物理过程的认识，利用2015—2017 年VLF/LF三维闪电探测系统的数据资料对贵州省闪电特征进行空间和时间分布特征分析。结果表明：无论云闪还是地闪，均以负闪为主；闪电发生主要集中在夏季，冬季闪电最少，闪电月际分布主要为单峰型，仅冬季Z比率大于1；闪电主要发生时段为16 时至次日凌晨2 时，Z比率与全闪频数随时间的变化呈正相关，相关系数0.618；全省闪电密度整体呈西高东低趋势，年均闪电密度为5.07 次/(a ·km2)；云闪主要发生在高度2k~7 km，全年云闪高度呈下降趋势；雷电强度主要分布在5k~45 kA，平均陡度为7.34 kA/μs。本研究有利于对闪电特征开展更全面的探究和分析，同时对强对流天气监测和预警也有重要意义和价值。     

Using composted wheat residue as a growth medium in culture of tomato

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different growing media on some properties of tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum L. cv. Falcato). Four growing media including wheat residue, composted wheat residue, coco peat + perlite, and coco peat + soil were applied in pot experiment with completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that fruit yield, chlorophyll, and vitamin C contents of tomatoes grown in the composted wheat residue and coco peat + perlite treatments were significantly greater than the other growth media. Fresh weight of root and inflorescence were higher in the tomatoes cultivated in the composted wheat residue pots than the other media. Higher internode length and nutrient concentrations in leaf and fruit at the coco peat + perlite treatment were obtained as compared to the other growth media treatments. According to the results, it can be concluded that the coco peat + perlite can be substituted for by composted wheat residue for the cultivation of tomato.     

多菌灵降解菌的鉴定及降解条件初步优化

对已分离到的多菌灵降解菌进行16S r DNA序列分析后,采用均匀设计法,优化多菌灵降解菌降解条件。用4因素6水平混合均匀设计表,综合考察培养时间、接种量、p H、温度对多菌灵降解菌降解能力的影响。通过二次多项式逐步回归得出最终降解条件为:培养时间6 d、接种量10%、p H 4.0、温度为45℃时,最优目标函数Y(降解率)为68.65%。进一步进行盆栽试验,检测该菌在实际应用中的降解效率为59.54%。     

Networking of integrated pest management: A powerful approach to address common challenges in agriculture

Integrated pest management (IPM) is facing both external and internal challenges. External challenges include increasing needs to manage pests (pathogens, animal pests and weeds) due to climate change, evolution of pesticide resistance as well as virulence matching host resistance. The complexity of designing effective pest management strategies, which rely less heavily on the use of conventional pesticides, is another external challenge. Internal challenges include organizational aspects such as decreasing trend in budget allocated to IPM research, increasing scarcity of human expertise, lack of knowledge transfer into practice and the communication gap both at country level and between countries, and lack of multi-, inter- and transdisciplinary IPM research. There is an increasing awareness that trans-national networking is one means to overcome such challenges and to address common priorities in agriculture. A large number of stakeholders (researchers, policy makers, growers and industries) are involved in the sector of crop protection, which needs to be coordinated through effective communications and dynamic collaboration to make any IPM strategy successful. Here we discuss a decade-long IPM networking experiences in Europe emphasizing how IPM research, implementation and adoption in Europe may benefit from a broader level networking.     

蜜梨NFC果汁清咽功能评价的动物试验研究

为了评价蜜梨NFC果汁的清咽功能,通过大鼠棉球植入、大鼠足趾肿胀、小鼠耳廓肿胀3种动物模型试验,研究不同剂量的蜜梨NFC果汁对大鼠肉芽肿重、大鼠足趾肿胀率、小鼠耳廓肿胀率和动物体重增长的影响。结果表明,与阴性对照组(CK)相比,高剂量组(T3)大鼠肉芽肿净量减少23.47%,差异极显著;T3致炎后2、4 h和中剂量组(T2)致炎后4 h的大鼠足趾肿胀率分别减少14.5%、20.4%和16.5%,且差异显著;T2、T3小鼠耳廓肿胀率分别减少24.1%和27.8%,差异显著;而高、中、低3个剂量组的大鼠或小鼠体重增长量在试验期间均无显著差异。因此,大鼠棉球植入、大鼠足趾肿胀和小鼠耳廓肿胀试验结果均为阳性,且蜜梨NFC果汁对大鼠或小鼠的正常生长无影响,表明蜜梨NFC果汁动物试验结果为阳性,具有清咽功能。研究结果可为蜜梨清咽功能的开发利用提供参考依据。